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并发概念
区分并发与并行，将工作负载分类为 CPU 密集型或 I/O 密集型，并识别在何种情况下并发执行能提升性能，而在何种情况下会增加开销。
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Concurrency vs. parallelism timeline
1import time 2 3def simulate_io_task(): 4 print("Sending request to server...") 5 # Simulate network latency (waiting) 6 time.sleep(2) 7 print("Response received.") 8 9start = time.time() 10simulate_io_task() 11print(f"Duration: {time.time() - start:.2f} seconds")
1import time 2 3def simulate_cpu_task(): 4 print("Starting heavy calculation...") 5 # Crunch numbers heavily 6 total = sum(i * i for i in range(10_000_000)) 7 print(f"Calculation complete. Result length: {len(str(total))}") 8 9start = time.time() 10simulate_cpu_task() 11print(f"Duration: {time.time() - start:.2f} seconds")